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Anatomy of ill health - page 3
Keywords: Anatomy ill health environmental health human body
By JN on 02/06/2009
Level: Bachelor Honours Degree (BA, BEng, BSc etc)
Page Number: 3 of 6 pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6Guide to Anatomy and Physiology: Louise Tucker). The muscle’s function is to start movement through contractions, which go from the muscles to the tendons to ligaments then bones. The muscle contraction is caused by a nerve stimulus in the brain. When a muscle contracts it gets shorter and fatter. There are three types of muscle tissue: Voluntary or skeletal, involuntary and cardiac. Voluntary muscles are the ones we consciously control, for example arms and legs, involuntary muscle are muscles we cannot consciously control an example of this is the bladder and cardiac the control of the pump action of the heart and only the heart. Voluntary muscles usually work as a pair, cardiac is the strongest of the three and involuntary muscles are usually smooth and don’t tire.
Skin is the largest organ on the body, which is made up by a group of tissues and covers the whole of the body. It consists of two layers, the epidermis, the layer of the skin seen and the dermis the layer beneath (See Appendix 5). The epidermis layer varies in thickness over the body, one of the thinnest areas being the eyelid and the thickest being at the souls of the feet. The function of the skin is to protect and shape the body. The skin protects the body through sensations caused by nerve endings in the dermis. They alert the body of pain, heat and cold, pressures and touches. The skin acts as a barrier to bacteria and other infections also UV rays, protecting tissue beneath. Some toxins such as waste salts and water are excreted through the skin, through sweat. The skin also produces Melanin and Vitamin D and help with regulating body temperature.
The skeleton system is a structure consisting of 206 bones (See Appendix 6 for diagram of main bones) (An introductory Guide to Anatomy and Physiology: Louise Tucker), which supports and protects the body, especially the inner organs. It is split into two different parts the appendicular skeleton and the axial skeleton. The axial skeleton is the skull, the vertebral column, the ribs and sternum. The appendicular skeleton is the rest of the body including upper and lower limbs, pelvic girdle and the shoulder girdle. There are five different types of bones making up the skeleton. Flat bone, which attach to muscle and protect areas e.g. pelvis. Short bones usually found in groups and are used
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