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Anatomy of ill health - page 1
Keywords: Anatomy ill health environmental health human body
By JN on 02/06/2009
Level: Bachelor Honours Degree (BA, BEng, BSc etc)
Page Number: 1 of 6 pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6Anatomy is part of biology, which explains the structure of the human body including its organs, tissues and cells. Physiology is the vital processes and functions of an organism and its different parts.
Cells are living things that are at the base of all life, they make up everything! Cells are made up of a cell membrane, cytoplasm and a nucleus (See Appendix 1). The cell membrane is made up of lipids and protein threads. It has two functions; it keeps the nucleus and cytoplasm in the cell and it lets other waste substances such as fats and proteins out. There are a number of different ways they carry out this role: diffusion, osmosis, dissolution, active transport and filtration. Cytoplasm is outside of the cell and contains Mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Ribosomes, Lysosomes, Vacuoles, Golgi Apparatus, Centrioles, Centrosomes. The nucleus in the cell acts as a control.
The lungs, nose, diaphragm and air passages make up the respiratory system. This system provides the energy for movement, growth and reproduction. The lungs are elastic sacs within the thorax, which expand and contract. Within the lungs there are two bronchi (split from the trachea) these divide into smaller branches named bronchioles and then smaller air sacs called alveoli. It is within the alveoli that gaseous exchange takes place (See Appendix 2 part a), this allows oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide to leave the blood. The larynx is positioned between the tongue and back of mouth and its function is to act as a passageway for air, to filter bacteria and to warm and moisture air. The trachea follows the larynx it is a tube which secrets mucus which collects foreign objects and bacteria, the Cilia then push this back up the larynx. The diaphragm is a sheet of tendons. It contracts moving down and relaxes moving up this controls the pressure of the chest, inhaling and exhaling air in and out of the lungs. Also helps in micturition, defaecation and giving birth. It is the intercostal muscles that control the movement of the ribs (See Appendix 2 part b).
The circulatory (vascular) system is a combination of the heard, blood, veins, arteries, capillaries and a network of blood vessels (See Appendix 3). There are two separate circulation systems: the systematic one for oxygenated blood (the left side) from the heart to the body and pulmonary for deoxygenated (the right side) blood from the
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